Its Time for a More Responsible Approach to Animal...

The debate about using animals for medical testing has been ongoing for years. The struggle is usually between extreme animal rights activists and scientists. The animal rights activists believe animals should never be used for research, and the scientists believe any use of animals is acceptable. Listed below are factual historical accounts of animal use, statistics, and arguments against the use of animals. In ancient Greece animals were used for the study of life science. To learn about body functions scientists would cut into a live animal to observe vital parts in action. â€Å"Animals have been used for centuries to help researchers understand the various organs of the body, and their functions as well as to hone their surgical†¦show more content†¦The most common arguments against animal use testing question the morality, necessity and scientific validity of these studies. In other words, do we have the right to perform such tests, need such tests, and whether these tests provide us with any useful information? The moral aspects of the animal use testing argument involve the view of animals as sentient beings. It is argued, we have a responsibility toward animals and a moral obligation to not cause them pain or distress (jhsph). Singer argues ...experimenters often seek to justify experimenting on animals by claiming the experiments lead us to discoveries about humans; if this is so, the experimenter must agree human and non-human animals are similar in crucial respects (p. 65). Singer challenges his opponents to the hypothetical question would [they] be prepared to perform their experiments on orphaned humans with severe and irreversible brain damage if this were the only way to save thousands? (p. 67) Singer Another argument is necessity, which is closely linked to validity. Do we really need to use millions of animals each year to further our own interests? Are these animals actually being used in a way which provides the greatest benefit from each animal, and thereby reducing the overall amount of pain, suffering, and use of these animals? Are the results we gain from these tests applicable to humans and thereforeShow MoreRelated A More Responsible Approach to Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation1506 Words   |  7 PagesIt’s Time for a More Responsible Approach to Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation The debate about using animals for medical testing has been raging for years. The struggle always seems to be between extremist animal rights activists who believe that animals should never be used for research, and scientists who believe that any use of animals is acceptable. There are a growing number who argue that there must be a reasonable middle ground. I contend that there must be a significantRead MoreThe Importance Of Animals For Animal Testing1754 Words   |  8 PagesAnimal research, also known as in vivo testing, is the use of animals for experiments. Experimentation on animals dates back to as early as 500 BC, making this form of medical education and research one of the most fundamental known to humans. Almost 400 years ago, a doctor named William Harvey used animals to discover how blood circulated in the body. This discovery is considered the spark of the scientific revolution in which many lives were saved all thanks to the help of animal testing. The modernRea d More The Science and the Laws Impacting Human Cloning Essay5866 Words   |  24 Pagesfrom an adult cell in Scotland in 1997, have caused the world to acknowledge that human cloning is indeed possible. Governments around the world immediately attempted to address the issue of human cloning, with varying levels of success. At the same time the pace of cloning technology continued to accelerate. This paper will first examine the development of the technology that makes human cloning possible and the scientific uncertainties surrounding it. While this paper does not intendRead MoreJean Piaget Cognitive Development10144 Words   |  41 Pagesinfluence research and theory in child development, and with some minor exceptions, his theories have stood the crucial test of time as well as any major theorist in psychology. Yet Piaget was not a psychologist by formal training. His two doctorates were in natural science (emphasizing biology; his early interests were in studying mollusks) and philosophy (emphasizing logic). But Piaget had many interests, including epistemology and the philosophy of science, both of which influenced his research. InRead MoreGmos Essay4472 Words   |  18 Pageslook at GMO’s that this kind of technology should not be look at in a business sense because if it is then the risks will not be accessed do to no incentive to do so. It is hard to say what view point that should be looked at. From ones prospective it’s called looking at the facts and forming your own opinion. For instance: Artificial insemination, there are options now where you can choose the sex of your baby. Yes, this is technically possible due to some of the latest advances in technology. TheRead MoreGreat Minds: The Essential Guide for Teachers7827 Words   |  32 PagesPRACTICE A TES Essential Guide Educational philosophies are complex and wide-ranging. In this TES Essential Guide, James Williams, a lecturer in education at the University of Sussex, makes sense of it all. Theory and practice 4 What it’s all about. Bloom’s taxonomy of learning 8 Bloom’s theory links the knowledge we have to how to we think, explains how attitude affects motivation and how our ability to do practical things changes the way we learn. Behaviourist approachesRead MoreLas 432 - Genetically Modified Foods Essay14589 Words   |  59 Pagesby Kelly Baker 43 I. Intrinsically Wrong and Extrinsically Wrong II. Perfecting on God’s Creations Conclusion by Kelly Baker and Brenda Brown 47 Bibliography 49 It has been determined that GMO’s are made up of plants, animals, viruses and bacteria that are created in laboratories. Scientist started experimenting with GMO’s in the early 1950’s with investigation of plants DNA. In the 1970’s scientist developed the first genetically engineered organism. By the early 1990’sRead MoreEssay on Autism Spectrum Disorders4121 Words   |  17 PagesAutism is a disorder enshrouded in enigma. This perplexing thing we call autism has left many developmental experts scratching their heads time and again as to what the specific causes may be. Dead ends and an endless multitude of potential factors seem to be the most common results researchers stumble upon as it relates to the origins of autism. Although it is postulated that autism has a somewhat strong genetic basis involving but not limited to rare and complex gene mutations, it is still aRead MorePortfolio for Organizational Behavior17518 Words   |  71 Page sto emphasize the concepts taught in the lecture sessions and relating it to the today’s business world. The research and study conducted during the work helped us understand the concepts through Concrete Experiences of different organisations in the articles. In future it will help us throughout our career to perform well in the workplace. Moreover it provided us with the cognitive approach of thoughts that will help us to understand the problems or challenges faced by an organisation and how to respondRead MorePtlls Level 311404 Words   |  46 Pagesterms of the teaching/training cycle. I intend to continue to be a trainer in management and in the security sector. The role, responsibilities and boundaries of a trainer are ever changing and adapting to changes in the society. It is more than simply lecturing and marking students works. Learners come from different backgrounds and with different problems, hopes and expectations which have to be understood and addressed before effective learning can take place. As such in addition to

Humanities-Ancient Greece Free Essays

Ancient Greece and Roman civilization comparison The first Olympic games were held in Olympia, Greece. These games were part of the â€Å"Panhellenic Festival, instituted in 776 B. C. We will write a custom essay sample on Humanities-Ancient Greece or any similar topic only for you Order Now E in honor of the Greek gods†. The Olympic games occur in an every â€Å"four-year periods beginning with the first games in 776 B. C. E. † The Greeks had many sports such as, â€Å"200-yard sprint, footrace, wrestling, long jump, and boxing. † Greek athletes competed nude. However, women were not allowed to compete in the Olympic games. The Greeks believed that a â€Å"true sport was that which gave athletes an opportunity to rival the divinity of the gods. In contrast to Greece, the Romans had a â€Å"variety of brutal blood sports. † Gladiator fights were â€Å"introduced in Rome in 264 B. C. E. † These games would symbolize the power of the emperors. In Rome, these events were held in the Coliseum. Gladiators fought wild animals. â€Å"Most Gladiators were criminals, prisoners of war, or slaves. † They were trained in schools and were forced to take part in the events. The Olympic games and Gladiator fights are different because in Greec e it was mostly sport festivals, while in Rome it was representation to honor the emperors. Greek architecture monuments were designed to serve the living. One of the many type of Greek architectural structures is the Parthenon. It is a temple dedicated to Athena, the goddess of war. Built in glittering Pentelic marble. The Parthenon represents the â€Å"apex of a long history of post-and-lintel temple building among the Greeks. † The functions of the Parthenon, was to â€Å"display statues of the gods, for the rulers to go and sacrifice and worship in as a recognition of the protection provided by the gods. In contrast, Roman architecture reflected the practical needs of the empire. The Romans are considered one of the greatest architects of ancient times. Also the Romans made good use of the â€Å"aqueducts, arches, vaults and domes. † For example, the Pantheon is â€Å"a temple dedicated to the seven planetary deities. † Its exterior is covered with a â€Å"veneer of white marble and bronze. † The Pantheon has many features such as, â€Å"a portico with eight Corinthian columns originally elevated by a flight of stairs that now lie buried beneath the city street. Greek and Roman architecture are similar because Roman architecture was based on the knowledge of the Greeks. Although there’s a difference because Greeks used single row columns for actual structural support, while the Romans were progressing technologically and using rows of concrete columns for luxury purposes. The arts in Greek were based on Humanism, Realism, and Idealism. The Greeks used the abstract geometric methods in their paintings. For example, Greek artists painted their â€Å"ceramic wares with angular figures and complex geometric patterns arranged to enhance the shape of the vessel. Greeks painted mythology, literature, and everyday life in â€Å"waters jars, wine jugs, storage vessels, drinking cups and bowls. † In contrast, the Roman art was based in Pictorial Realism paintings. The Romans decorated their â€Å"meeting halls, baths, and country villas that were inspired by Greek murals. † Roman art was illustrated in mosaics. This is a technique by which â€Å"small pieces of stone or glass are embedded into wet cement surfaces or plaster surfaces. † Also Romans illustrated landscapes to show affection to their pleasure of nature. It’s clear that Greek art and Roman art are different because both civilizations used different techniques for their art and showed different interested in what they were trying to portray in their paintings. Roman art was based in Realism while Greek art was more Idealistic. Greek literature was based in the Classical Style in Poetry. This is a combination of the â€Å"arts prevailed in most forms of religious ritual and in public and private entertainment. † For example, Hellenic literature was filled with passion and tenderness written in lyric poetry. In contrast, Roman literature reveals a masterful use of Latin literature. Romans use literature for the purposes of â€Å"entertainment, instruction, and record keeping. † A Roman notable style of literature is the Roman Epic Poetry style. For example, â€Å"Rome’s foremost poet-publicist, Virgil wrote the semi legendary epic that immortalized Rome’s destiny as world ruler. † Virgil’s poems were not an oral tradition but a literacy epic. His work became the â€Å"monumental impact of Latin language. † Greek literature and Roman Literature are similar because they both include comedies, poetry and epics. Also Greek literature dealt with myths while Roman Literature was based on triumphs. How to cite Humanities-Ancient Greece, Essay examples

Organizational Behavior Motivation Levels by Company

Question: Describe about the Organizational Behavior for Motivation Levels by Company. Answer: Week 6 - Motivation Best workplaces are working environments where workers enjoy working because of motivation levels offered by a company. In Europe, some of the best workplaces are Davidson, turfs, accent jobs, 3, Topaz Energy Limited, Diamantes Masoutis S.A. Supermarket just to mention but a few (high PLACE TO WORK. 2016). As far as workers are concerned, motivation is a behavior used to please or entice them to gain morale and multiply the commitment at work (GREAT PLACE TO WORK. 2016). Workers are also motivated through a good communication plan. This program enables employees to be aware that they are being appreciated. Making an employee to be part of the team is also a better way of motivating workers (Drum, Standifer, and Bourne, 2015). There are many ways used by companies in the United Stated and Europe at large to motivate employees. As a primary mechanism, most firms reward its employees based on their outstanding performances (Garaus, Furtmller, and Gttel, 2016). As a result, employees feel on top of the world and enhance their commitment (Bennett and Pierce, 2016). The second motivational method is signing realistic workload. The workload assigned to each worker should not only be realistic but also balanced to express equality and uniformity within the firm. This strategy enhances teamwork by eliminating hatred among workers thus, creating a real relationship between them. Whenever the business obtains an excellent performance record, it is enjoyed by everyone within the organization irrespective of the level or position occupied by the firm. In so doing, employees are showed how they fitted and took part in strategy that realized the success. Besides the above means, companies also meet their promises to dem onstrate to them how to further their feelings and expectations are valued. Week 7 Activity (Group Behavior and Team at Work) Despite having the requirements for a team to work efficiently, some groups still do not perform as purposed. Elements of the successful team according to Professor Hackman are well-established groundwork, and small and consistency membership. The team should also be reject-based with much consideration placed on the stages of group development. Also, the support should be placed strategically (Stephen et al. 2014). Motivational tools such as group-based awards can also take the group to the next level hence, having then used on the team is equally important (Stephen et al. 2014). Lastly, the firms duty should be defined clearly. These elements are no doubt, necessary for effective team development. Besides the stated conditions, other factors required for groups to be active are real leadership and commitment. With the right leadership standards, all the necessities for a firm can be acquired (Thomson et al., 2015). Besides, all team activities are directed towards the intended direction to realize the stated objectives. On the other hand, the commitment of workers will ensure that all the regular duties are tackled in the most appropriate manner. Having been asked to assemble and lead a team, I can consider the following steps in the early life of the group to ensure that avoids the problems noted by Hackman; establishment of a groundwork followed by choosing few but highly committed members (Messersmith, 2015). After forming the group, storming, norming and performing would follow in that order. In storming, the selected members are given a chance to generate ideas on ways in which the team can become useful. Norming entail establishing a good relationship between team members while concentrating on the sharing of information that can benefit the team. Lastly, performance stated norms and guidelines are followed towards the realization of specified goals. Week 8 Activity (Leadership) There are many theories of leadership, including trait and theory leadership. Though addressing the same issue, these two approaches differ in one way of another. To begin with, trait theory of leadership deals with the characteristics of all type of leaders, including fruitful and unsuccessful ones. According to this theory, successful leaders are judged based on abilities, interests, and personality traits such as academic and skills acquisition. However, these traits are not determinant of a right or bad leader. Naturally, this is pleasing as it highlights features relevant for an effective leader (Zigarelli, 2013). Therefore, it can be imperative for an organization. The theory can be used as a ladder by a firm to identify leadership elements during a leading process. Most important, the theory is valid (Zigarelli, 2013). Its foundation and basis can be easily validated as proved by most research. On the other hand, behavioral theories of leadership are grouped depending on specific behaviors shown by various leaders. Initially, this theory states that the ability of a leader should be weighed based on his or her behavior (Fein et al., 2015). Therefore, behavior determines the successfulness of a leader. Apparently, it this approach gives a reasonable marketing potential because actions can vary depending on conditions (Hogg, M, and Adelman, J. 2013). To illustrate further, someone can give an accurate response depending on a given stimuli. Unlike the trait theory, behavioral theories are invalid. Besides being based on incentives, other behaviors are also correlated. Based on the above leadership principles, organizations can select and develop effective leaders based on characteristics. The enterprise may conduct a survey by subjecting distinct employees to various leadership positions and judged according to the way they behave in their respective offices. For example, when one is friendly to people, he can respond effectively to clients. Besides, his adaptation ability to the various situation is also high hence, a good leader. References Bennett, V. and Pierce, L. 2016. Motivation matters: Corporate scope and competition in complementary product markets. Strategic Management Journal, 37, 7, pp. 1304-1315. Drum, D, Standifer, R, and Bourne, K. 2015. Facing the Consequences: Examining a Workaround Outcomes-Based Model. Journal of Information Systems, 29, 2, pp. 137-159. Fein, E, Tziner, A, Vasiliu, C, and Felea, M. 2015. Considering the gap between Implicit Leadership Theories and expectations of actual leader behavior: A three-study investigation of leadership beliefs in Romania', Journal For East European Management Studies, 20, 1, pp. 68-87. Garaus, C, Furtmller, G, and Gttel, W. 2016. The hidden power of small rewards: The effects of insufficient external rewards on autonomous motivation to learn. Academy of management learning education, 15, 1, pp. 45-59. GREAT PLACE TO WORK. 2016. Great insight on great workplace. Get the latest insights into workplace culture, trends and performance. Retrieved from www.greatplacetowork.co.uk. Hogg, M, and Adelman, J. 2013. Uncertainty-Identity Theory: Extreme groups, radical behavior, and authoritarian leadership. Journal of Social Issues, 69, 3, pp. 436-454. Messersmith A. S. 2015. Preparing Students for 21st Century Teamwork: Effective collaboration in the online group communication course. Communication Teacher, 29, 4, pp. 219-226. Stephen P. R, Boyle, M, Judge, T. and Millett, B. 2014. Case study: Why don't teams work like they're supposed to? Organizational behavior. P. 263. Thomson, K, Outram, S, Gilligan, C, and Levett-Jones, T. 2015. Interprofessional experiences of recent healthcare graduates: A social psychology perspective on the barriers to effective communication, teamwork, and patient-centred care', Journal of Interprofessional Care, 29, 6, pp. 634-640. Zigarelli, M. 2013. Ten Leadership Theories in Five Minutes. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XKUPDUDOBVo.

Women Studies Rape

Introduction Rape is a misdemeanor offense in which an individual mandates to have sexual contact without his or her approval. Though majority rapes are never accounted for, the figure of occurrences documented in the United States tremendously increased between 1970 and 1986. It is not in fact acknowledged if the number of rapes is augmented or if additional victims are enthusiastic to report the cases. Indignity, terror of retribution or denial and the shock of a court audition are regular causes for refusal to testify against a sexual felony (Williams, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Women Studies: Rape specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More History of Rape The record of society’s appreciation to sexual aggression has its pedigree in English assets law. The problem of sexual attack did not come into the realization of the United States’ civil society until the feminist pressure groups o f the 1960s. Feminists perceived rape as an instrument for upholding patriarchy, a brutal technique of stirring up horror in women and strengthening their inferiority to men. This perspective has fashioned the approach in our culture in describing and conceptualizing sexual violence presently. Kids who are induced to hostility between their relatives are possibly caught up in brutal love affairs when they become adults. The configuration of the family appears to have effects on the feelings and conducts of kids brought up in them. Aggressive sex delinquents are known to be prone rape compared to other grownups that experienced deprived parental upbringing, unfortunate control, corporal violence, abandonment, and separation from their parents. The Causes of Rape Cultural Expectations and Rape myths Prospects conveyed by culture classically push men to believe they are greater, unrestricted and that they are supposed to be constantly on the sentry for and prepared to kick off sex in t heir affairs with women. Simultaneously, these sexual writings train women to believe that they are in charge of situating the confines and speed of sexual intercourse in their interaction with men. Rape folklores naturally reject the reality of sexual attack, justify it and lessen the gravity of its consequences. Virtually all cultures accept rape and have instruments that are responsible for sexual aggression. The Media and the School Since the beginning days of contemporary feminist’s pressure groups, women challenged that pornography facilitated sexual violence towards females depicts them as not anything apart from sex items, an outlook that is backed by research. Television and cinemas frequently pass the information that such brutality functions to demean women. Involvement in group activities could augment the danger of sexual violence. Peers are extra powerful in determining personality actions than environmental science, individuality, kin, faith, or traditions (Sco tt Glenna, 1994).Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Psychopathology and Individuality Qualities Men involved in rape cases have been spotted with a broad range of psychiatric and character disarrays, mainly disruptive individuality confusion. However, personality gauging of rapists has established that there is no momentous variation between sexual delinquents and those confined for platonic felonies. The extent of participation in sexually coercive actions seems to be correlated to individual quantities of capriciousness, deficiency of collective sense of right and wrong and a worth course legalizing antagonism, predominantly against women. The largest part findings have summarized that there is much of heterogeneity amongst rapists and that sexual violence is caused by various dynamics. In fact, it has been alleged that the personality data of rapist criminals more dire ctly counterparts the personality data of men in the broad populace as compared to any other forms of crimes (Hooks, 2000). Masculinity and Power Drives Research has established that drives of supremacy and rage are more famous in rapists’ justification of sexual violence than sexual wishes are. Sexually hostile men candidly confess that their sexual desires are antagonistic and brutal. The level of affiliation between a man and a woman may perhaps influence the likelihood of aggression. A number of researches propose that men who rape on initial or subsequent dates possibly will have connection to outsider raping while men who rape near the beginning in what or else materialize to be an increasing association may just misconceive their partners’ meaning (Allison Wrightsman, 1993) Feminist Movements Feminist movements refer to numerous attempts put in place to bring about change. For instance, they attempt to bring about an end to brutality against women, provide the same chances for men and women, allow women sufficient motherhood leave and bring to a halt pestering of women sexually. Women have since time in memorial been fatalities of socio-cultural unfairness. The feminist lobby groups have managed to penetrate through inflexible socio-cultural structure in society primarily through backing female child education. The entire globe no longer practices female injustice by handing over minor roles to women. In its place, some women have raised to sky-scraping positions in politics and finance (Harris, 1990).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Women Studies: Rape specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Islamic Feminism Islamic feminism is apprehensive about the position of women in Islam and aspires for the complete egalitarianism among Muslims, despite of sex, in civic and personal life. Even though it is ingrained in Islam, the association’s founders have made use of worldly and Western feminist discourse. Campaigners of the lobby group try to underscore the extremely deep-seated experience of impartiality in the Quran and query the patriarchal explanation of Islamic philosophy through the Quran, hadith (maxim of Muhammad) and sharia (rule) towards the formation of a new, identical and fair society. Lots of ayaat (stanzas) of the Qur’an appear to pronounce gentleman/womanly sameness. Fundamentally, human beings are identical. They are merely differentiated among themselves on the origin of their legal observations or execution of the essential Qur’anic standard of integrity (Rhouni, 2001). Therefore, there is no disagreement between feminism and being religious. On one occasion, we identify feminism as consciousness of limits erected in front of women since sex, dismissal of restrictions erected on women, and attempts to create and employ unbiased gender structure are all patriarchal efforts meant to derail women efforts in the so ciety (Bergen, 1996). Feminist movements in the Middle East employ three approaches. The approaches include first, reinterpreting ayaat of the Qur’an to rectify bogus information in frequent circulation. Secondly, it involves quoting ayaat that indisputably pronounce the egalitarianism of women and men and lastly, delink the section of ayaat conscientious to male and female variation that has been frequently construed in ways that rationalize male supremacy (Treanor, 2002). Conclusion In general, research on the roots of sexual brutality has paid attention to two forms of premises those entrenched in individuality of the delinquent, and those that spot distinctiveness of culture in which we exist. None the theories fully elucidates the occurrence of sexually brutal activities in our civilization. Modern research in the discipline of sexual hostility points out that an incorporated theory will possibly have the superlative ability of amplifying what causes sexual cruelty in ou r culture. The police officer, with little research information thought indecent dressing causes sexual violence. References Allison, J. Wrightsman, L. (1993). Rape: The Misunderstood Crime. California: Sage.Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bergen, R. (1996). Wife Rape: Understanding the Response of Survivors and Service Providers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Harris, A. (1990). Essentialism in Feminism legal theory. American Sociological Journal. 42, 35-71. Hooks, B. (2000). Feminist theory: from margin to center. Cambridge, Massachusetts: South End Press. Rhouni, R. (2001). Women and Gender, the Middle East and the Islamic world. Web. Scott, S. Glenna, S. (1994). Housework in Marital and Non-marital Households. American Sociological Review, 59(3), 17-31. Treanor, N. (2002).The feminist movement. Farmington Hills, ML: Green haven Press Williams, M. (2002). The Sexual Revolution. Farmington Hills, ML: Green haven Press This research paper on Women Studies: Rape was written and submitted by user Brynlee Jones to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on 7 Wonders

SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD In the ancient world there were seven great man-made structures for travelers to see on a world tour. Lists of the so-called seven wonders of the world sometimes varied. The following list, dating from about the 6th century AD, was a commonly used and standard one: (1) the pyramids of Egypt; (2) the Hanging Gardens of Babylon; (3) the statue of Zeus at Olympia; (4) the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus; (5) the temple of Artemis (Diana) at Ephesus; (6) the Colossus of Rhodes; and (7) the Pharos (lighthouse) of Alexandria. Greek colonists at Ephesus, in Asia Minor, built the famous temple of Artemis. The early settlers found the Asian inhabitants worshiping a many-breasted nature goddess whom they identified with their Artemis (called Diana by the Romans). They raised a shrine to her, which was rebuilt and enlarged from time to time. The fourth temple was the one regarded as the wonder of the world. Dedicated about 430 BC, it is said to have been built by contributions from all the great cities of Asia and to have taken 120 years to complete. This great temple was set on fire in 356 BC on the night Alexander the Great was born, according to tradition. The crime was committed by one Herostratus merely that his name might be remembered in after ages. The statue of Olympian Zeus was erected at Olympia, in the Peloponnesus of Greece, by the great sculptor Phidias in the 5th century BC. It was a towering structure of ivory and gold, 40 feet high, majestic and beautiful. After about 10 centuries of existence the statue was destroyed. Our only idea of it is gained from coins of Elis, which are thought to bear copies of the original. The Colossus of Rhodes was a great bronze statue, erected in about 280 BC by the citizens of Rhodes, capital of the Greek island of the same name. It represented their sun-god Helios and was said to be 105 feet high. According to legend, it straddled the harbor entrance, b... Free Essays on 7 Wonders Free Essays on 7 Wonders SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD In the ancient world there were seven great man-made structures for travelers to see on a world tour. Lists of the so-called seven wonders of the world sometimes varied. The following list, dating from about the 6th century AD, was a commonly used and standard one: (1) the pyramids of Egypt; (2) the Hanging Gardens of Babylon; (3) the statue of Zeus at Olympia; (4) the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus; (5) the temple of Artemis (Diana) at Ephesus; (6) the Colossus of Rhodes; and (7) the Pharos (lighthouse) of Alexandria. Greek colonists at Ephesus, in Asia Minor, built the famous temple of Artemis. The early settlers found the Asian inhabitants worshiping a many-breasted nature goddess whom they identified with their Artemis (called Diana by the Romans). They raised a shrine to her, which was rebuilt and enlarged from time to time. The fourth temple was the one regarded as the wonder of the world. Dedicated about 430 BC, it is said to have been built by contributions from all the great cities of Asia and to have taken 120 years to complete. This great temple was set on fire in 356 BC on the night Alexander the Great was born, according to tradition. The crime was committed by one Herostratus merely that his name might be remembered in after ages. The statue of Olympian Zeus was erected at Olympia, in the Peloponnesus of Greece, by the great sculptor Phidias in the 5th century BC. It was a towering structure of ivory and gold, 40 feet high, majestic and beautiful. After about 10 centuries of existence the statue was destroyed. Our only idea of it is gained from coins of Elis, which are thought to bear copies of the original. The Colossus of Rhodes was a great bronze statue, erected in about 280 BC by the citizens of Rhodes, capital of the Greek island of the same name. It represented their sun-god Helios and was said to be 105 feet high. According to legend, it straddled the harbor entrance, b... Free Essays on 7 Wonders 1. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon – Located approximately 50km south of Baghdad, Iraq on the east bank of the Euphrates River. King Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 BC), grandson of the famous King Hammurabi, is credited to have commissioned the construction of the gardens. Although no tablets were found in Babylon referring to the Gardens, accountings from the ancient Greek historian, Strabo, state that the â€Å"The Garden is quadrangular, and each side is four plethra long. It consists of arched vaults which are located on checkered cube-like foundations.. The ascent of the uppermost terrace-roofs is made by a stairway..† 2. The Great Pyramid of Giza – The only one of the Seven Wonders still left standing to this day, it is also the oldest of the 7 Ancient Wonders. Located in the city Giza, a necropolis of ancient Memphis, which is now part of Cairo, Egypt. This impressive monument was commissioned by Pharaoh Khufu of the Fourth Dynasty around 2560 BC, to serve as his final resting place. The great pyramid was 145.75 meters tall when constructed, but over the course of time has lost nearly 10 meters. The entrance is located on the North side of the pyramid, and once inside there is a series of passageways and galleries that lead to the Kings burial chamber. The structure is comprised of some 2 million blocks of stone, each weighing more than 2 tons, with the King’s burial chamber and sarcophagus made out of red granite. 3. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia – The god of gods to the ancient Greeks and Egyptians. It was located in the ancient town of Olympia, about 150 km west of Athens, in Greece. The original temple housing the massive statue was constructed around 450 BC, designed by architect Libon. The statue itself was created by the Athenian sculptor Pheidias. Constructed out of ivory sections, the massive statue was 45 feet tall, holding victory in his right hand, and his sceptor in his left. Closed by the Roman...

Biography of Edward Blackbeard Teach, Pirate

Biography of Edward 'Blackbeard' Teach, Pirate Edward Teach (c. 1683–November 22, 1718), whose surname was spelled Thache and is better known as Blackbeard, was the most feared pirate of his day and perhaps the figure most often associated with the Golden Age of Piracy in the Caribbean- or piracy in general, for that matter. Fast Facts: Edward 'Blackbeard' Thache Known For: English privateer and pirate BlackbeardBorn: c.1683 in Gloustershire, EnglandParents: Captain Edward Thache, Sr. (1659–1706) and his first wife Elizabeth Thache (d. 1699)Died: November 22, 1718 off Ocracoke Island, North CarolinaSpouse(s): At least one in Jamaica, who died before 1721; he may have married a local girl in Bath, North Carolina in 1718Children: Elizabeth, who married Dr. Henry Barham in 1720 Blackbeard was a skilled pirate and businessman, who knew how to recruit and keep men, intimidate his enemies, and use his fearsome reputation to his best advantage. Blackbeard preferred to avoid fighting if he could, but he and his men were deadly fighters when they needed to be. He was killed on November 22, 1718, by English sailors and soldiers sent to find him. Early Life Blackbeard was born Edward Thache Jr. (pronounced Teach and alternately spelled Teach, Thatch, Theach, or Thach) in about 1683, in Gloucestershire, England up the Severn River from the port city of Bristol. He was one of at least two children of Captain Edward Thache, Sr. (1659–1706) and his first wife Elizabeth Thache (d. 1699).  Edward Sr. was a mariner who moved the family to a plantation in Jamaica, where the Thaches lived as a respectable family living not far from Port Royal in the old city of Spanish Town, also known as St. Jago de la Vega. In 1699, Edward Sr.s first wife Elizabeth died. He remarried six months later to Lucretia Ethell Axtell. They had three children, Cox (1700–1737), Rachel (born 1704), and Thomas (1705–1748). After his father died in 1706, Edward Jr. (Blackbeard) turned over his inheritance from  his father to his stepmother.   Edward Jr. (Blackbeard) was a mariner based in Kingston, Jamaica, and was married to a woman who probably died before 1721- records were not kept in Kingston until then. The couple had at least one surviving daughter, named Elizabeth, who married Dr. Henry Barham in 1720.  Blackbeards sister, also named Elizabeth, married a man named John Valiscure, in Jamaica, in 1707. The Life of a Pirate The main source used for Thaches biography is A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates, a book published in May 1724 by Nathaniel Mist (a.k.a. Captain Charles Johnson). It was an overnight success and a second edition was published a few months later, and a third in 1725 and expanded fourth in 1726- many of the details in the latest edition were embroidered to be more salacious and sensational. Mist, who was a former sailor, printer, and journalist in London, based his tales on trial records, newspaper reports, and personal contact with retired pirates. Mist described Blackbeard as outrageous and scary, but many of his tales were overblown.  Since then, historical, genealogical and archaeological studies have pared back to the events that are likely to have happened. Edward Thache Jr. was a mariner by trade who served on a Royal Navy vessel, the HMS Windsor, as early as 1706. He became a privateer under the English flag at the end of Queen Annes War (1702–1713), a common gateway to piracy. Association With Hornigold Thache joined the crew of Benjamin Hornigold, at that time one of the most feared pirates of the Caribbean. Their earliest joint venture was after July 3, 1715, when a hurricane on the coast of Florida wrecked 11 ships, an entire flotilla of Spanish treasure galleons, dumping that treasure along the coastline. The entire community had been fishing the wrecks and raiding the Spanish salvage workers when the governor of Jamaica commissioned Thache and Hornigold to recover it for them. Hornigold saw great potential in Teach  and soon promoted him to his own command. With Hornigold in command of one ship and Teach in command of another, they could capture or corner more victims, and from 1716 to 1717 they were greatly feared by local merchants and sailors. Hornigold retired from piracy and accepted the Kings pardon in early 1717. Blackbeard and Stede Bonnet Stede Bonnet was a most unlikely pirate: he was a gentleman from Barbados with a large estate and family who decided he would rather be a pirate captain. He ordered a ship built, the Revenge, and fitted her out as if he were going to be a pirate hunter, but the minute he was out of port he hoisted the black flag and began looking for prizes. Bonnet did not know one end of a ship from the other and was a terrible captain. After a major engagement with a superior ship, the Revenge was in bad shape when they limped into Nassau sometime between August and October 1717. Bonnet was wounded, and the pirates on board begged Blackbeard, who was also in port there, to take command. The Revenge was a fine ship, and Blackbeard agreed. The eccentric Bonnet stayed on board, reading his books and walking the deck in his dressing-gown. Blackbeard on His Own Blackbeard, now in charge of two good ships, continued to prowl the waters of the Caribbean and North America. On November 17, 1717, he captured La Concorde, a large French slaving ship. He kept the ship, mounting 40 guns on it and naming it Queen Annes Revenge. The Queen Annes Revenge became his flagship, and before long he had a fleet of three ships and 150 pirates. Soon the name of Blackbeard was feared on both sides of the Atlantic and throughout the Caribbean. Blackbeard was much more intelligent than your average pirate. He preferred to avoid fighting if he could, and so cultivated a very fearsome reputation. He wore his hair long and had a long black beard. He was tall and broad-shouldered. During the battle, he put lengths of a slow-burning fuse in his beard and hair. This would sputter and smoke, giving him an altogether demonic look. He also dressed the part, wearing a fur cap or wide hat, high leather boots, and a long black coat. He also wore a modified sling with six pistols into combat. No one who ever saw him in action forgot it, and soon Blackbeard had an air of supernatural terror about him. Blackbeard in Action Blackbeard used fear and intimidation to cause his enemies to surrender without a fight. This was in his best interests, as the victimized ships could be utilized, valuable plunder was not lost and useful men such as carpenters or doctors could be made to join the pirate crew. Generally, if any ship they attacked surrendered peacefully, Blackbeard would loot it and let it go on its way, or put the men aboard some other ship if he decided to keep or sink his victim. There were exceptions, of course: English merchant ships were sometimes treated harshly, as was any ship from Boston, where some pirates had recently been hung. Blackbeard had a distinctive flag. It featured a white, horned skeleton on a black background. The skeleton is holding a spear, pointing at a red heart. There are red blood drops near the heart. The skeleton is holding a glass, making a toast to the devil. The skeleton obviously stands for death for enemy crews who put up a fight. The speared heart meant that no quarter would be asked or given. Blackbeards flag was designed to intimidate opposing ship crews into surrendering without a fight, and it probably did. Raiding the Spanish In the late part of 1717 and early part of 1718, Blackbeard and Bonnet went south to raid Spanish ships off Mexico and Central America. Reports from the time indicate that the Spanish were aware of the Great Devil off the coast of Veracruz who was terrorizing their shipping lanes. They did well in the region, and by spring of 1718, he had several ships and close to 700 men when they arrived in Nassau to split up the plunder. Blackbeard realized he could use his reputation to greater gain. In April 1718, he sailed north to Charleston, then a thriving English colony. He set up right outside Charleston harbor, capturing any ships that tried to enter or leave. He took many of the passengers aboard these ships prisoner. The population, realizing that none other than Blackbeard himself was off their shores, was terrified. He sent messengers to the town, demanding a ransom for his prisoners: a well-stocked chest of medicine, as good as gold to a pirate at the time. The people of Charleston happily sent it and Blackbeard left after about a week. Breaking up the Company Near the middle of 1718, Blackbeard decided he needed a break from piracy. He devised a plan to get away with as much of his loot as possible. On June 13th, he grounded the  Queen Annes Revenge  and one of his sloops off the coast of North Carolina. He left the Revenge there, and transferred all of the loot to the fourth and last ship of his fleet, marooning most of his men on an island that was visible from the mainland. Stede Bonnet, who had gone to unsuccessfully seek a pardon, returned to find that Blackbeard had absconded with all the loot. Bonnet rescued the marooned men and set off in search of Blackbeard, but never found him. A Pardon and Marriage Blackbeard and some 20 other pirates then went to see Charles Eden, the governor of North Carolina, where they accepted the Kings Pardon. In secret, however, Blackbeard and the crooked governor had made a deal. These two men realized that working together, they could steal far more than they could alone. Eden agreed to officially license Blackbeards remaining vessel, the  Adventure, as a war prize. Blackbeard and his men lived in a nearby inlet on Ocracoke Island, from which they occasionally sallied forth to attack passing ships. In the town of Bath, local lore is said to have married a young woman there and had several children. He and his shipmates provided the town with cash, black market goods, and manpower. On one occasion, the pirates took the French merchant ship the Rose Emelye loaded with cocoa and sugar: they sailed it to North Carolina, claimed they had found it afloat and abandoned, and shared the spoils with the governor and his top advisers. It was a crooked partnership that looked to enrich both men. Blackbeard and Vane In October 1718,  Charles Vane, leader of those pirates who had rejected Governor Woodes Rogers offer of a royal pardon, sailed north in search of Blackbeard, who he found on Ocracoke Island. Vane hoped to convince the legendary pirate to join him and reclaim the Caribbean as a lawless pirate kingdom. Blackbeard, who had a good thing going, politely declined. Vane did not take it personally and Vane, Blackbeard, and their crews spent a rum-soaked week on the shores of Ocracoke. Local merchants soon grew infuriated with a pirate operating  nearby  but were powerless to stop it. With no other recourse, they complained to Governor Alexander Spotswood of Virginia. Spotswood, who had no love for Eden, agreed to help. There were two British warships currently in Virginia: he hired 57 men off of them and put them under the command of Lieutenant Robert Maynard. He also provided two light sloops, the  Ranger  and the  Jane, to carry the soldiers into the treacherous inlets of North Carolina. In November, Maynard and his men set out to look for Blackbeard. Blackbeards Final Battle On November 22, 1718,  Maynard and his men found Blackbeard.  The pirate was anchored in Ocracoke Inlet and, fortunately for the marines, many of Blackbeards men were ashore including Israel Hands, Blackbeards second-in-command. As the two ships approached the Adventure, Blackbeard opened fire, killing several soldiers and forcing the  Ranger  to drop out of the fight. The Jane closed with the  Adventure  and the crews fought hand-to-hand. Maynard himself managed to wound Blackbeard twice with pistols, but the mighty pirate fought on, his cutlass in his hand. Just as Blackbeard was about to kill Maynard, a soldier rushed in and cut the pirate across the neck. The next blow took off Blackbeards head. Maynard later reported that Blackbeard had been shot no fewer than five times and had received at least 20 serious sword cuts. Their leader gone, the surviving pirates surrendered. About 10 pirates and 10 soldiers died: accounts vary slightly. Maynard returned victorious to Virginia with Blackbeards head displayed on the bowsprit of his sloop. Legacy Blackbeard had been seen as an almost supernatural force, and his death was a great boost to the morale of those areas affected by piracy. Maynard was hailed as a hero and would forever after be known as the man who had killed Blackbeard, even if he didnt do it himself. Blackbeards fame lingered long after he was gone. Men who had sailed with him automatically found positions of honor and authority on any other pirate vessel they joined. His legend grew with every retelling: according to some stories, his headless body swam around Maynards ship several times after it was thrown into the water following the last battle! Blackbeard was very good at being a pirate captain. He had the right mix of ruthlessness,  cleverness,  and charisma to be able to amass a mighty fleet and use it to his best advantage. Also, better than any other pirates of his time, he knew how to cultivate and use his image to maximum effect. During his time as a pirate captain, about a year and a half, Blackbeard terrorized the shipping lanes between the Americas and Europe, but there is no evidence that he ever killed anyone until his final battle. All told, Blackbeard had  little  lasting economic impact. He captured dozens of ships, its true, and his presence greatly affected transatlantic commerce for a time, but by 1725 or so the so-called Golden Age of Piracy was over as nations and merchants worked together to combat it. Blackbeards victims, the  merchants  and sailors, would bounce back and continue their business. In Fiction and Archaeology Blackbeards cultural impact, however, is tremendous. He still stands as the quintessential pirate, the fearsome, cruel specter of nightmares. Some of his contemporaries were better pirates than he was- Black Bart Roberts  took many more ships- but none had his personality and image, and many of them are all but forgotten today. Blackbeard has been the subject of several movies,  plays  and books, and there is a museum about him and other pirates in North Carolina. There is even a character named Israel Hands after Blackbeards second-in-command in  Robert Louis Stevensons  Treasure Island. Despite  little  solid evidence, legends persist of Blackbeards buried treasure, and people still search for it. The wreck of the  Queen Annes Revenge  was discovered in  1996  and has turned out to be a treasure trove of information and articles. The final report was published in 2018 as Blackbeards Sunken Prize: The 300-Year Voyage of Queen Annes Revenge. Among the findings reported by archaeologists Mark Wilde-Ramsing and Linda F. Carnes-McNaughton, are the wrecks nearly certain identification as the QAR, based on the location and the presence of 45 classes of late 17th and early 18th century artifacts, including the ships bell cast with a date of 1705, and a Swedish-made cannon with a date of manufacture of 1713. Evidence also indicates that Blackbeard dealt in slaves, who were kept as menial laboaers and perhaps elevated to crew status. Many of the more interesting relics found there are on display at the North Carolina Maritime Museum in nearby Beaufort. Sources Brooks, Baylus C. Born in Jamaica, of Very Creditable Parents or a Bristol Man Born? Excavating the Real Edward Thache, Blackbeard the Pirate. The North Carolina Historical Review 92.3 (2015): 235-77.Cordingly, David.  Under the Black Flag  New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 1996.Johnson, Captain Charles [pseudonym of Nathaniel Mist].  A General History of the Pyrates. Edited by Manuel Schonhorn. Mineola: Dover Publications, 1972/1999.Konstam, Angus.  The World Atlas of Pirates.  Guilford: The Lyons Press, 2009Wilde-Ramsing, Mark U., and Linda F. Carnes-McNaughton. Blackbeards Sunken Prize: The 300-Year Voyage of Queen Annes Revenge. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018.Woodard, Colin.  The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man Who Brought Them Down.  Mariner Books, 2008.

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Discussion Question - Term Paper Example He will surely give you some solid data to prove his point that overpopulation is the main cause of all the problems of the third world. He will emphasize that because of the use of scientific methods the death rate among the adult has reduced and the mortality rate of the new born is also lowered down thus increasing the number of the inhabitants of the earth dramatically. He is worried as his calculation tells him that if population continues to grow on the same speed there will be no space on earth to stand. He thinks all the problems that he is facing like price hike or unemployment is the direct result of the overpopulation. On the other hand Sudanese student is not worried about the population of the world. He has some immediate problems to attend. He thinks that his country has a lot of resources but the incompetent rulers are not using them wisely and justly. The political instability is playing with his country. He thinks that on personal level, on national level and on inte rnational level we are losing contentment. We want to have more and more and we don’t share with our poor neighbors.

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Produce a Market Entry Proposal of of Xiaomi (a fast growing Chinese smartphone company) in A specific country - Essay Example These strategies particularly associate with the goods and services delivery in to a foreign country. It facilitates an organization to increase its market share while building an international brand reputation. Moreover, it helps in long term growth and organizational sustenance. Following are the most important market entry strategies which are discussed in this proposal (Schermerhorn, 2011): The company should pursue the wholly owned subsidies market entry strategy particularly for Singapore. This is justified on the basis of research and analysis, for instance, Singapore acts as the regional headquarter of Xiaomi whereas the management is now considering opening a regional distribution center, customer support center, retail outlet and a corporate office (Yu, 2014). Hence the proposed market entry strategy will actually facilitate the organization in achieving the company’s strategic goals. Research indicates that Xiaomi is now recognized as the fastest growing smart phone market in the China (Olson, 2013).. On the basis of its increasing market share and customer services in the homeland the company has decided to enter in to the global market. This will eventually help the organization in improving its profit margins while also gaining a significant global image in the smart phone industry. Xiaomi has a strong corporate management whereas the global expansion project is handed over to the former Google employee, Hugo Barra (Yu, 2014). Following recommendations are made for Xiaomi’s market entry into Singapore while considering its strategic position, customer attractiveness etc. 2. Subsequently the organization would have to develop a comprehensive market entry strategy which must be consistent with its business approach, corporate values and the smart phone’s feature preferences of the regional customers. 3. Since the company is aiming to establish a distribution centre in Singapore therefore it would have to consider

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Manufacturing Case Study Essay Introduction Before a manufacturing process can be selected to manufacture a component many things need to be considered. The design of the product, the functionality, the service conditions and the properties of the material all play a big part when considering the manufacturing process. This study looks at Polypropylene Chairs used mainly for education purposes. It provides information that explains the purpose of a chair; the requirements of this particular product and the manufacturing process that produces the final component. To understand why this type of chair is made from polypropylene the reader first needs to understand the basis of any chair. A chair is a raised surface for a single person to be seated. The majority of chairs are produced with the standard four legs but it’s the design of the chair and its intended use that takes most consideration. The use of the chair will determine the design and the material used. For example; is the chair to be used at a desk or for sitting at a dining table to eat? The users’ weight needs to be evenly distributed over the chair to provide comfort whilst seated. If the chair is to be used for long periods of seating then it is beneficial for the chair to be slightly reclined, which will support the persons back more and remove the weight from other parts of the body. If a chair is too high then shorter people will have their feet dangling, causing pressure on the knees; whereas lower seats cause discomfort to the buttocks. Section One Looking at the requirements of this type of chair we can see it is not the most comfortable chair on the market but then these chairs are not used for long periods of sitting. They are mainly used within canteens, hospitals, libraries and schools for short sitting periods; meaning that they are mass produced. Due to the amount of chairs that are manufactured there is a requirement to keep the production cost low. They are tough chairs that can come in a variety of colours, can be used in or outside and have the advantage of being able to stack away; saving space. The chair is required to hold a variety of people with a range of body weight and height so they are required to be stable, strong durable and withstand movement whilst being lightweight. This style of plastic chair is made of a thermoplastic polymer called Polypropylene (PP). It is a thermoplastic that has a two dimensional structure. The plastic can be softened by heat and recycled. The material is produced by the polymerisation of polymer molecules into very long chains. The material is a â€Å"semi-crystalline solid with good physical, mechanical and thermal properties†. The properties of PP in its liquid state are defined by the length and breadth of the polymer chains that form during the process. When PP is in its solid state the properties are based on how much crystalline and amorphous region forms from those chains. [Karian, Ph.D., Harutun G, Handbook of Polypropylene and Polypropylene Composites, 1999, New York, NY, USA, Pg 15] FIG 1. Example of the chain of Isotactic polypropylene PP is semi-crystalline; meaning that it contains small crystals and material that is amorphous and Isotactic. The chains are closely packed together and the amount of van der Walls bonding is at a maximum, making the material strong as a solid object. The polymer chains determine the weight of the material and the crystals within the chains determine how thick the material can be and in turn this will impact on how much heating is required to mould the material. â€Å"The crystallisability of the chains is one factor that determines how thick the crystallites will be and the thickness of the crystallites determines how much heat energy is required to melt them†. [Karian, Ph.D., Harutun G, Handbook of Polypropylene and Polypropylene Composites, 1999, New York, NY, USA, Pg 17] PP is stiff, with a low density. It has good resistance to impact and fatigue, excellent chemical resistance, a high heat resistance and an excellent moisture barrier. Having good structural characteristic s makes PP a useful material for rigid objects. PP has a good balance between its physical and chemical properties. Due to the high mould shrinkage of PP it is difficult to achieve close tolerances but because the material is tough, resilient and has a high resistance to stress cracking it reduces the need for close tolerances. Having a very low density of 0.90g/cm^3; a low cost per volume; a wide flexibility when it comes to design and it also being recyclable makes PP an attractive construction material. PP has the advantage of being able to form high volume, complex shapes at a relatively low cost. When using CES software and comparing the price against the fracture toughness it provides the user with all known materials. Using the limit function and applying a Young’s modulus of 2GPa and a minimum tensile strength of 40MPa Fig 2 Materials based on Price against Tensile Strength The chairs are made of PP because the material is inexpensive, easy to clean, lightweight and durable. The material can be tough and flexible with a high tensile and compressive strength. The main reason that this material works well when manufacturing these chairs is down to the precise control of the impact strength, they do react when exposed to heat meaning that they hold their shape and provide good properties within the human environment, especially when in an outside environment. Section 2 Polypropylene is most commonly manufactured using extrusion, or injection moulding. Extrusion allows extremely large batches of uniform cross sectional shape items to be produced. Hot extrusion is when the polymer is heated first to make it more malleable, and then ‘pushed’ through a die. Pieces made using extrusion have an extremely high quality of surface finish, meaning they do not require finishing after manufacture. [pic] FIG 3. Extrusion Process Injection moulding is achieved by melting the polymer in a barrel, and then forcing or injecting it into a mould. Some injection moulding machines are screw fed. As the piece cools, it shrinks slightly in the mould. This can cause product defects especially if the mould is poorly designed. It allows for the production of very accurately shaped pieces. When the piece is removed from the mould, it will have a contour line called a ‘parting line’ where the mould closes on it, and often will be marked by the ejector pin with a small circle. If the manufacturer does not want these marks on their product, then it will require post-manufacture finishing, but otherwise the finish is of a relatively high standard. FIG 4. Injection Moulding Process Some chairs could be manufactured using extrusion, if they were a flat ‘L’ shape for example. However most chairs are shaped for ergonomic and structural reasons, and would require a more accurate manufacturing process. This would be injection moulding, as thick struts can be included in the design to aid the strength of the chair, and a comfortable dip can be shaped into the back of the seat to make it more appealing to the user. As chairs of this nature are designed for a very wide range of users, and with durability in mind, the material is required to be fairly thick to accommodate this need. This would slow the manufacturing process with injection moulding as it would take each piece longer to cool, and therefore a longer wait is required before the piece can be removed from the mould. The thickness of the piece would have little effect on an extruded product, as the die can be made whatever size is desired. The weight of the chair would have little bearing on manufacture in either of these methods, except for the amount of material needed. For a batch of 1000, extrusion would be an excellent process, as enough material for the whole batch can be melted and pushed through the die, and the pieces cut from the section after extrusion. Large batches can be produced very quickly in this way. Injection moulding would take longer, as each piece must be made individually, unless the mould is designed with several chairs in, each connected by a ‘strut’ of waste product. This increases the amount of waste material, and the initial set up costs due to the mould design, and a larger machine being required. Section 3 There are many factors to consider when forming a component from composite. Failure to consider these factors can drastically change the material properties and this in turn could lead to an unsatisfactory component. A polymer matrix for the composite is an excellent base; their material properties already provide many favorable attributes such as high corrosion resistance and low density. The introduction of a secondary reinforcing agent will provide a synergetic effect to the mechanical properties of the material allowing a better component. One of the factors that are critically important in the production of a composite is the format of the secondary phase; it is a key factor to the materials properties of the component. There are three mostly used forms for the reinforcing of secondary phases; these are long/short fibers, or particles. Long fibers, also known as continuous fibers, are fibers that are layered in strips or woven into a pattern along an axis. The fibers generally consist of a much stronger material than the polymer matrix; as such the fibers take a much greater load compared to the polymer matrix. This allows for a material with much better load bearing properties. The increased ability to take load is based upon the direction of the fibers. When bearing load, the best mechanical properties are obtained in the direction of the fibers. There are many different orientations used by fibers, orienting the fibers in one specific direction is often used when the direction of the force is constant. Planar reinforcement is used when the direction of force is only along one plane of action. Short fibers, also known as continuous fibers, are fibers that have been cut into relatively short strands. The shorter nature of these fibers means that they can be orientated in lots of patterns and directions. As well as being able to be orientated in one specific direction and along one plane like long fibers, they can also be orientated randomly. This random orientation allows for a uniform distribution of the reinforcing ability of the fibers; therfore increasing the load bearing ability in all directions instead of just one, or a single plane. If particles are introduced into a polymer matrix, their effects vary greatly compared to their size. Very small particles act as a barrier to dislocation movements; this hardens the matrix material due to the fact that dislocations cannot propagate as easily through the structure. Smaller particles cannot take loads due to their size, so the load bearing ability of the composite is based upon the matrix material. If larger particles are introduced they can take some of the load, this allows the composite of the two to take a larger load. Due to the nature of particles the matrix is naturally able to take isotropic loads. [Mikell, P. Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing Fourth Edition, 2011, New Jersey, NJ, USA, Pg 181-183] Fig 5. A Chart Showing Long/Short fibers as well as Particles. Orientation of reinforcement is another major factor in the production of a composite component. Not taking into account the direction of reinforcement can have unfavorable material properties. Materials are either isotropic or anisotropic in one or more directions. Isotropic orientation is achieved when the fibers are randomly oriented, or particles are introduced into the matrix composite. The effects of this type of orientation are that the load can be taken uniformly in all directions. This is advantageous because it allows for a material that is not constrained by loads in one direction. The downside is that the material properties can never be as strong as if they where aligned to one direction. Anisotropic orientation is when fibers are aligned to a specific direction or plane. When the load is applied in this direction is extremely strong, this means that an anisotropic composite material has extremely beneficial properties in the direction of the fibers. The further the load gets from the direction of the fibers the less beneficial the material properties are until the load is perpendicular to the fiber direction. When the fiber direction is perpendicular to the fibers the maximum strength is the strength of the primary matrix. If the concentration of fibers is high enough the strength in the perpendicular direction can be significantly less than the primary polymer. [Mikell, P. Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing Fourth Edition, 2011, New Jersey, NJ, USA, Pg 181-183] Fig 6. A Chart showing Anisotropic and Isotropic Orientations The chair, due to its function, has various limits that need to be applied when taking into account the construction of the composite. The forces inherent in the use of a chair are not in one direction, or even one plane of action. This means that an isotropic composite is best suited for the chair, as a planar or singular direction of fibers wouldnt be beneficial to the mechanical properties of the component. Due to the composite that is being used it must have an isotropic orientation so only discontinuous fibers or particles can be used; continuous fibers cannot be used feasibly in an isotropic orientation. A short fiber based second phase would increase the toughness of the component as well as increasing the stiffness and strength in all directions. These properties seem more favorable than those of particulates which increase fatigue strength. Short fibers in a random orientation would be beneficial for a seat; this would allow it to take impacts during its service as well as remaining in shape and resisting bending. [Mikell, P. Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing Fourth Edition, 2011, New Jersey, NJ, USA, Pg 181-183] The length of the short fibers would be above the critical length value; this is based on the diameter of the fiber, the ultimate tensile strength of the fiber and the shear strength of the matrix-fiber interface. The diameter of the fibers should be as small as possible to allow for a higher tensile strength. [Mikell, P. Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing Fourth Edition, 2011, New Jersey, NJ, USA, Pg 181 Figure 8.15] The Volume fraction of a composite is the product of: (Volume of Fibers/Volume of Composite). It is a way of expressing the amount of fiber in a composite, it is also very useful in refining the properties of your composite. The volume fraction for our composite should be greater than the critical volume fraction. A volume fraction lower than this means that the matrix would break before the fibers could support the load applied. This can be given by: Vcritical = (ÏÆ'm* ÏÆ'm / ÏÆ'f* ÏÆ'm) ÏÆ'm* = Matrix Ultimate Tensile Strength ÏÆ'm = Matrix Yield Strength ÏÆ'f* = Fiber Ultimate Tensile Strength Once a value for Vcritical is determined, this can be used as a basis for determining the volume fraction you want. Any volume fraction must be above Vcritical so that the matrix is actually strengthened by the addition of the fibers. You can continue adding a higher concentration of fibers until you begin to imbrittle the polymer matrix composite due to the excess fiber content. Without knowing the exact fiber and matrix choices it would be hard to predict the volume fraction this would occur at, as a guideline the value would be any value greater than 0.7. Therefore the volume fraction should lie above Vcritical. To ascertain the best value for the volume fraction you would have to do testing on the composite at various volume fraction values and use the results to determine which would be the best for the chair component. Using a randomly oriented short fiber composite would enhance the material properties. The random orientation would make it able to handle forces from all directions and the short fibers would increase various mechanical properties such as toughness, tensile strength and fatigue strength. This material composite would produce a very light and strong structure which should be able to withstand alot more than the polymer alone. The synergetic effect of this composite allows it to attain a much higher specific strength than the polymeric design. It also attains a much higher stiffness than the original design; allowing it to maintain its shape more consistently during its service time, and it also means it is less likely to fail due to a sudden shock. The increased fatigue strength would mean that the material can maintain its service for a longer period of time due to its ability to withstand crack propagation and its resistance to mechanical defects building up over time. SECTION 4 In section 2, it was decided that the best process chosen for producing the chairs was extrusion molding over injection molding as it was a faster process and allowed for less waste material. This process is not suitable for the addition of short fibers too the polypropylene, instead reinforced reaction injection molding would make a better choice. Reaction injection molding is a low pressure process used to cure thermosets that require a chemical reaction rather than heat. This process requires two reactive ingredients which are mixed and injected into the mold cavity where the curing and solidification processes occur rapidly. This process can be used for large parts as well as complex shapes. When reinforcing fibers are used in the mixture the process is called reinforced injection molding. [pic] FIG 7. IMAGE OF REINFORCED REACTION INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS The capital start up cost for this process is high but due to the low pressures that are used in the process it balances out cost. The initial batch size chosen for the production of the chairs was 1000 units. This figure works with reinforced reaction injection molding as it allows for economic bath sizes between 100 and 10000 units, so even if batch sized was reduced by a tenth of its original size or increased by 10 times the size this process can still be economical to the manufacturer. REFERENCES [27 Mar 2012] [27 Mar 2012] Stephen Pheasant, 2nd Ed; Bodyspace: Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work; Taylor Francis Ltd [2011] [20 Feb 2012] FIG 7. (http://composites.owenscorning.com/processes/Reaction_Injection_Molding.aspx) http://staff.bath.ac.uk/msscrb/dent.pdf equation 5, page 1657 FIG 1 [Polypropylene Molecule, Chempolymerproject, [Online] Available: [https://Polypropylene-B-CABA] [28 Mar 2012]] FIG 3 [Extrusion of a Round Blank through a Die [Online] Available: http://en.wikipedia.org (2011)] FIG 4 [Injection Moulding Machine [Online] Available: http://www.engineerstudent.co.uk (2011)]

Business And Government Agencies :: essays research papers

Business and Government Agencies The primary focus of my topic is three fold, first if a high ranking official from a firm were to become the Director of an agency and his former company is asking for approval of a drug, how should the Director act in regard to this rulemaking? The second question is not a difficult, if a former Director were to assume a position at a firm asking for approval of a drug, how should the former directors position influence the decisions of the agency? Finally how could government regulation limit the potential conflicts of interest from the "Revolving Door"? The first scenario answer is both ethics and law based. It would be unethical for the Director to have any influence what so ever in this circumstance. Realistically the Director would have probably at least an influence to the degree that those who work for him would at least try and guess his desire for the outcome, at worst he would directly or indirectly tell them. Probably at this point no procedural rules have been breached. This is of course only if the director has not tried to influence the Administrative Law Judge in which case many legal issues could be raised, more on that in question three. Back to the ethics involved, it would be very important if the Director were to try and be ethical about the issue he/she should give the appearance of ethical procedure. One way this could be done is that a recommendation could be made rulemaking be in a formal format. In addition she/he should be very careful to limit ex parte contacts between himself and his former business associates. Under no circumstance should the Director have conversation of any nature involving this case. Under the circumstance that the drug was or was not approved, the case could go before Judicial review, there any appearance of unethical behavior could not only be be evidence to support a plaintiffs claims, and even case a de novo review, but even worst it could be food for the media and a public scandal. The second question if the director were to leave and become a superior for a firm. I don't see this as a big threat, the new director would have his new alliances. It would seem like any influence that the former director would have would have to be kept to a minimum in order to preserve the rulemaking under the circumstance that the findings were on the firms behalf. As a company representative he should not personally make ex parte contacts with the agency

Effects of John Brown’s Raid On Northern-southern Relations

John Brown’s raid of the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia involved only a few abolitionists, freed no slaves, and ended after only two short days. Brown’s initial idea was that after raiding the federal armory slaves would rise up and rebel against their owners, not only in the north but eventually in the south. This was a radical idea, and although his raid was primarily condemned in the north, Brown became a hero. Southerners became offended when in the years following Brown’s raid northerners felt compassion and even regarded him as a hero. The southerners however felt that he wanted to cause upheaval in the south. The issue however united the north for the cause of abolishing slavery. †Congress can contribute much to avert [southern withdrawal from the Union] by proposing†¦ an explanatory amendment of the Constitution on the subject of slavery†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Doc G) The Northern view of John Brown had changed drastically in the years leading up to the civil war. Initially John Brown was viewed as an irrational for his actions in Pottawatomie, Kansas. It was in Pottawatomie where Brown and a few colleagues took violent measures of vengeance against five pro-slavery southerners in Response to the Bleeding Kansas crisis. The northern view of Brown changed however after his 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia. The northern people did not immediately view him as a hero however. Many northerners viewed his raid as â€Å"utterly mistaken and, in its direct consequences, pernicious†. (Doc A) Southern people viewed Brown’s raid as a commotion and an appeal to rebellion. The previous Bleeding Kansas crisis also pushed the south more towards succession. It was by delegates chosen by the several states†¦ that the Constitution of the United States was framed in 1787 and submitted to the several states for ratification†¦ that of a compact between independent states. † (Doc H) President Lincoln responded â€Å"Having never been States, either in substance, or in name, outside of the Union, whence this magical omnipotence of ‘States Rights’, asserting a claim of power to lawfully destroy the Union itself? † (Doc I). Both of these statements were made in 1861, and clearly represent the division that sent our nation to war. While the years progressed the northern view of John Brown became increasingly more positive, people began to view Brown as a hero, as well as a martyr. Many believed while what he did was irrational and fanatical at the time, he paved the way for many northerners to become decided on the topic of abolition. John Brown’s raid ultimately made the Northern-southern relations even more strained, but caused the north to band together and fight against slavery and succession. In conclusion, the raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia pushed the North and the south farther apart, but was a small step to becoming the free country that America is today.

Experience of Hope Among Caregivers: Concept Analysis Essay

The term hope refers to undetectable strength that permits us to overcome our weaknesses, boosts us up when we fall, and continue to motivate us to move forward in any given situation. The theoretical description of hope is not universal but many shared elements are present in the definition of hope (Herth, 2000). According to Cutcliffe and Herth (2002), review of the literature has shown eight distinct key elements that outline and describe hope, such as, multidimensional, dynamic in nature, essential to life, focused on the future, personalized, part of a process, goal oriented, and connected to nursing (Table 8, p.839). The theoretical background for this analysis is grounded on concept of hope as established by Herth, who based her theory on Stress Appraisal & Coping outline by Lazarus and Folkman (Borneman, Stahl, Ferrell & Smith, 2002). Analysis of concept of hope among caregivers using Walker and Avant approach will expend the understanding of the concept. Clarification of defining attributes of hope, identification of antecedents that affect the insight of hope, discussion of probable consequences of hope, and explanation of the significance of terms will help the author and the reader with sharing of mutual language. Connection of hope to the vital attributes will be shown by the use of model case. Contrary and borderline case will distinguish this concept from other nursing concepts. Review of empirical literature will provide proof of this concept existence. Aims or Purpose In general, analysis of specific concept â€Å"aims to pull apart an interesting phenomenon with a view to understanding more about what it is and how it works in practice† (Tutton, Seer, & Langstaff, 2009, p. 120). The objective of concept analysis is to comprehend what is the concept about and differentiate it from other concepts. Furthermore, in order to modify and explain concept that originates from nursing research, theory or practice a concept analysis is conducted. Concepts are the building blocks for nursing theories and their examination is vital to active and correct implementation (Maputle & Donavon, 2013). In nursing, the concept of hope plays significant part in the plan of care. It is assumed that this concept analysis of hope  among caregivers will help nurse’s acquire better knowledge of the concept and help them implement gained understanding in patient-centered care settings. Accurate assessment of fading hope among caregivers will allow for implementation of supporting interventions. Application of patient-centered interventions, based on acquired findings, will help with delivery of evidence-based holistic care (Duggleby et al., 2009). Literature Review Caregivers of dementia patients face many challenges on a daily basis and their hope is â€Å"very much tied to how the person they were carrying for was doing that day† (Duggleby, Williams, Wright, & Bollinger, 2009, p. 517). The experience of carrying for a patient with dementia is perceived to be distinctive and as vital to the experience as the illness itself. The research has shown that physical, psychological, and spiritual stress is part of everyday struggles among caregivers. Furthermore, their physical and mental health is affected by the experience of caregiving. Hope among caregivers of dementia patients’ balances stress and sense of well-being (Duggleby et al., 2009). According to Herth (2000), hope is â€Å"one of the most essential elements in the lives of people with cancer† and has influence on â€Å"effective coping, especially during times of loss, suffering, and uncertainty† (p. 1431). Contribution from hope to enhancement of quality of life and impact on the progression of disease, among cancer patients, has been noted. Nursing practice has been known for contributing to support people in enhancing and preserving their hope (Herth, 2000). Terminally ill patients perceive hope as a treatment or cure that can extend their life regardless of their terminal diagnosis. They depend on hope for energy to keep moving forward when promising treatments fail to deliver positive outcomes. Hope can offer the capability to tolerate distress and cope with unbearable situation. Overall, â€Å"hope is exactly what is needed to stay engaged in the living while shouldering the burden of an uncertain future† and it â€Å"gives life meani ng, direction, and an optimistic focus† (Johnson, 2007, p. 451). Uses of Concept The concept of hope is vital in terms of disease and health problems. Milne, Moyle, and Cooke (2009) examined the significance of hope for patients  diagnosed with chronic disease, such as COPD. The live of individuals and their family members is burden by chronic illness. Dealing with condition that is chronic, on a daily basis, requires constant life modifications and hope is known for contribution to better understanding of illness and enhances future outcomes. Additionally, â€Å"hope is an intrinsic part of being human; a basic human response essential for life and to have no hope is to plunge into despair† (Milne, Moyle, &Cooke, 2009). Hope has been known as a significant part of patients’ existential needs, especially among patients that are terminally ill. Maintaining hope among home-bounded palliative patients was analyzed by the use of social and psychological approach by Olsson, Ãâ€"stlund, Strang, Grassman, and Friedrichsen (2010). Considering that hope â€Å"is a dynamic experience that is central to attaining both a meaningful life and dignified death†, terminally ill patients, uphold it by conversing about their future and by getting emotional and practical support (Olsson et al., 2010, p. 607). Elements that nurture hope among terminally ill patients include: family support, faith, short-term goal attainment, and presence of symbols that are associated with hope (Olsson, 2010). Defining Attributes The defining attributes of hope are relief of burden and inner strength. Carrying for a loved one, who has chronic or terminal illness, can influence negatively quality-of-life and overall health. The negative consequences, such as physical, social, and economic stress can be defined as burden of caregiving. Caregivers have many roles and responsibilities that can affect that burden. Some of the negative outcomes experienced by caregivers are: â€Å"stress, anxiety, depression, sleep deprivation, physical pain, and other chronic health conditions† (Williams et al., 2013). Additionally, fear of unknown and loneliness are included in the caregivers’ experience. In order to manage every day challenges, caregivers rely on hope as a psychosocial and spiritual source (Williams et al., 2013). Hope as a psychosocial and spiritual source provides support to caregivers during challenging transitions and provides support to improve their quality of life. It is part of the experience of caregiving, especially the uncertainty of the future. In many situations, hope serves as an inner strength to keep going and having an optimistic view of the future. Many caregivers refer to hope  as an inner source for coping with given situation (Williams et al., 2013). Model Cases Caregivers of chronically or terminally sick patients rely on hope during everyday struggles. The following model cases are presented to portray how caregivers experience hope when their loved ones suffer from chronic or terminal illness. A caregiver of a person suffering from Alzheimer’s disease states: â€Å"I think hope is the future, hope is what we do every day of our lives†¦I think hope is to overcome any obstacles that come in our way† (Duggleby et al., 2009, p. 517). â€Å"Hope is what happens to me every day†¦.It is what drives us and gets us up in the morning† (Duggleby et al., 2009, p.517). It is the inner strength that helps us to overcome obstacles on a daily basis. Everyday challenges faced by caregivers can be managed by incorporation of hope into finding some relief of the burden of caregiving. â€Å"The initial cancer diagnosis was just over a year ago†¦A few weeks ago we received bad news that was hard to take in†¦My partner is not showing any emotion and says he accepts it, but I am feeling anger, sadness, and fear. I am still shocked with the soberness†¦I try to be the best person I can be, but sometimes it is hard to find the strength to do that†¦I guess I need to look for hope every day because it is the one part of disease that I can control, unlike how the cancer progresses†¦But I can chose to hope. There may be light at the back of the tunnel yet – every once in a while it sneaks in when I’m not looking† (Williams et al., 2013). Additional Cases Additional cases provide an example of what the concept is not and deliver supplementary clarification (Walker & Avant, 2011). Two additional cases, contrary and borderline, are discussed to provide clarification of the concept of hope. Contrary Case â€Å"Mr. B is a 62-year-old Caucasian who is carrying for 72-year-old Filipino wife with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Mrs. B has completed several lines of chemotherapy with disease progression. Mr. B is in excellent health with no chronic health problems, and he works full time as a manager. They have two children and five grandchildren†¦Mr. B and his wife do not see eye to eye on important issues and they have different styles of  coping. Mr. B was raised as a Protestant but does not subscribe to any religion as an adult. Mrs. B is a Catholic and gains support from her faith and church community. Mr. B finds meaning and purpose in life from his family and providing for their needs. He also derives meaning from his work while experiencing the stress of multiple demands on his time. Mr. B has great difficulty coping with his wife’s disease and treatment†¦Mr. B describes waves of emotion and an inability to control his feeling of helplessness, ange r, and fear. He chooses not to share his feelings with his wife for fear that he may cause her more distress. While struggling with many unknowns, Mr. B anticipates being alone in the home the couple has shared for more than 40 years. He perceives that his responsibility as a caregiver is to protect Mrs. B from suffering and negativity (Fujinami, Otis-Green, Klein, Sidhu, & Ferrell (2012), p. E213). This case study presents a scenario of struggling with burden of caregiving. Mr. B has no inner strength to cope with his situation. He feels hopeless and decides not to inform his wife about struggles with his role as caregiver and fading hope. Open communication with his wife about struggles with many unknowns could bring Mr. B some hope and relief from burden of his wife’s disease. Borderline case Some of the critical attributes of the concept of hope are present in a borderline case (Walker & Avant, 2011). The next case offers similar attributes to the main concept . â€Å"A 46-year-old woman, incompletely injured at C5, moving around with the aid of crutches and a wheelchair, described her personal experiences of faith, hope and will power: ‘I really have hope, you always have hope, you just hope to manage a new, little thing, and then you hope to succeed†¦and if you have faith, then you hope and then†¦and all the time you have this (hope) within you, and to keep it (the hope) you need the will as well as the belief that you will make it†¦And she summarized her years’ experience as follows: ‘I really need to have hope. I need both faith and hope to cope with this. And willpower. Because if I give up, I will end up sitting here (in a wheelchair) and nothing can help me† ( Lohne, & Severinsson, (2005), p. 319). According to this case, f aith, hope and will power are relentlessly related. Patients who suffer from traumatic injuries depend on on hope to cope with a new situation. They also need  willpower, faith to hope and effectively cope with lifestyle changes. Antecedents and Consequences The circumstances or instances occurring prior to main concept are the antecedents (Walker & Avant, 2011). Antecedent to hope can be related to crisis. The examples of crisis include: terminal or chronic illness, hardship, harm, a life frightening condition, or a change. Tough decision that needs to be made or a challenge in one’s life could also be an antecedent to hope. Overall, antecedent to hope can be anything that is crucial in persons’ life since hope is exceptionally linked to persons’ life experiences (Stephenson, 1991). â€Å"The consequences or outcomes of hope can be a new perspective† (Stephenson, 1991, p. 1459). Hope provide inner strength, empower and energy in ones’ life experience. Fulfillment of hope delivers encouragement, purpose for ones’ actions, calmness, and relief (Stephenson, 1991). Empirical Referents The theoretical framework offers different structure for understanding the concept of hope. Herth (2000) pursued to establish if theory driven interventions enhance hope and quality-of-life among participants with an initial relapse of cancer. Groundwork for this study was constructed on The Hope Process Framework. Implementation of nursing interventions during group session intended to focus on diverse attributes of hope, such as experimental (searching for hope), spiritual or transcendent (expending the boundaries), relational (connecting with others), and rational thought (building the hopeful veneer) (Herth, 2000, p. 1434). This study has shown that by focusing on the four attributes of hope, patient-centered nursing interventions enhance the level of hope and increase patient’s quality of life. Suitable research instruments are mandatory to assess the concept of hope. In order to measure the level of hope Herth Hope Index (HHI) can be used. HHI is a valuable instrument that is used to measures hope using 12-item Likert-type scale. The level of hope among terminally ill patients was assessed by the use of HHI and Background Data Form (BDF). The BDF delivered information on age, sex, diagnosis, and level of education, activity and fatigue. The results have shown no influence on the level of hope by those variables, moreover, reveling that hope remained stable  (Herth, 1990). Conclusion This paper sought to deliver concept analysis of hope. The understanding of this concept analysis was based on literature, attributes, and empirical evidence. The critical attributes, antecedents, and consequences were identified and empirical reference was provided for better understanding. Hope as a concept is multidimensional and the understanding of hope among caregivers of chronically or terminally ill patients is significant. Hope gives inner strength and relief of burden of caregiving daily and should be nurtured and cherished before it fades. References: Borneman, T., Stahl, C., Ferrell, B., & Smith, D. (2002). The concept of hope in family caregivers of cancer patients at home. Journal of Hosipce and Pallitive Nursing, 4(1), 21-33. Retrieved from http://prc.coh.org/CHopeFCG.pdf Cutcliffe, J., & Herth, K. (2002). Concept of hope. The concept of hope in nursing 1: its origins, background and nature. British Journal Of Nursing, 11(12), 832. Duggleby, W., Williams, A., Wright, K., & Bollinger, S. (2009). Renewing everyday hope: the hope experience of family caregivers of persons with dementia. Issues In Mental Health Nursing, 30(8), 514-521. doi:10.1080/01612840802641727 Fujinami, R., Otis-Green, S., Klein, L., Sidhu, R., & Ferrell, B. (2012). Quality of Life of Family Caregivers and Challenges Faced in Caring for Patients With Lung Cancer. Clinical Journal Of Oncology Nursing, 16(6), E210-20. doi:10.1188/12.CJON.E210-E220 Herth, K. (1990). Fostering hope in terminally-ill people. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 15(11), 1250-1259. doi:10.1 111/j.1365-2648.1990.tb01740.x Herth. K. (1999). Herth Hope Index. Retrieved from http://www.promotingexcellence.org/downloads/measures/herth_hope_index.pdf Herth, K. (2000). Enhancing hope in people with a first recurrence of cancer. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 32(6), 1431-1441. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01619.x Johnson, S. (2007). Hope in the terminal illness: an evolutionary concept analysis. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 13(9), 2007. Lohne, V., & Severinsson, E. (2005). Patients’ experiences of hope and suffering during the first year following acute spinal cord injury. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 14(3), 285-293. Maputle, M. S., & Donavon, H. (2013). Woman-centred care in childbirth: A concept analysis (Part 1). Curationis, 36(1), 1-8. doi:10.4102/curaionis.v36i1.49 Milne, L., Moyle, W., & Cooke, M. (2009). Hope: a construct central to living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal Of Older People Nursing, 4(4), 299-306. doi:10.1111/j.1748-3743.2009.00185.x Olsson, L., Ãâ€"stlund, G., Grassman, E., Friedrichsen, M., & Strang, P. (2010). Maintaining hope when close to death: insight from cancer patients in palliative home care. International Journal Of Palliative Nursing, 16(12), 607-612. Stephenson, C. (1991). The concept of hope revisited for nursing. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 16(12), 1456-1461. Tutton, E., Seer, K., & Langstaff, D. (2009). An exploration of hope as a concept for nursing. Journal of orthopedic nursing, 13(3), 119-127. Retrieved from http://www.hopeforthespirit.info/quality_we bquest/Tutton_et_al_2009.pdf Walker, L.O., & Avant, K.C. (2011). Strategies for theory construction in nursing (5th ed.). Norwalk, CT: Appleton, Lange. Williams, A., Duggleby, W., Eby, J., Cooper, R., Hallstrom, L., Holtslander, L., & Thomas, R. (2013). Hope against hope: exploring the hopes and challenges of rural female caregivers of persons with advanced cancer. BMC Palliative Care, 12(1), 44. doi:10.1186/1472-684X-12-44

Nano Quantum Dots Storage Essays

Nano Quantum Dots Storage Essays Nano Quantum Dots Storage Essay Nano Quantum Dots Storage Essay I didnt even know what Anna quantum dots where until I started taking ANTI 110. These can change the world for the better if we continue our research on them. They can do some amazing things now but imagine what they can do in the future. Heal cancerous cells would be an amazing thing. They can heal some now but not all. Also they can hold a lot of data at a molecular level. The things we can do with Anna quantum dots are endless right now. They can be seed for so much more than we can even consider right now. We would have unlimited amount of storage if we started using them. The things we could accomplish with them would be great. This would defiantly make someone a billionaire if they made it public. I would like to see the day this happens. The possibilities are endless for Anna quantum dots. I still dont know that much about them but I would live to learn more. Their very interesting, I wonder what the future will be like if we start using them. We learn more about them every day. The question is what will they accomplish In 20 years. Could we heal all cancers? How much space would really be available for use? As we heard from apple In 2013 they are starting to use Anna quantum dots in their displays for more improved colors and definition. The dots combined can create colors in the screens unbelievable to the eye. To me this would be amazing, we use our phones every day to take pictures and create memories. What If you were to look at your phone and everything looked real to the eye. This would change everything for the better. If we started to use this It would kill the usage of even the best LCD or retina displays out today. Anna Quantum Dots Storage By maharanis We learn more about them every day. The question is what will they accomplish in use? As we heard from apple in 2013 they are starting to use Anna quantum dots in our phones every day to take pictures and create memories.